I have maybe very silly question, but I cannot stop thinking about it . How did it start with budgies being other colors then normal green? I don't get it, how could someone breed other colors from normals

 

I guess it's the same with all animals, but it just doesn't make sense to me

It’s the same with any living thing that breeds, especially sexually, when new individuals are born they mostly look like one of both parents, but each individual is unique. But each time there is a chance for the genes to alter, but it really is a very rare occasion. I don’t know the exact way it happened, there are some sites that maybe others will know on the Internet which explain in what order Mutations began occurring in Budgies. I think they even found some Blue or Yellow birds in wild populations & humans liked the differences so they kept them & bred from them & at various times other variations occurred & these were selected & bred from. Probably Mutations had always occurred in the wild, but in the wild they were selected the other way & died out, as mostly Mutations are a sort of defect on what nature has selected as the most viable arrangement to survive in nature.

It’s the same with any living thing that breeds, especially sexually, when new individuals are born they mostly look like one of both parents, but each individual is unique. But each time there is a chance for the genes to alter, but it really is a very rare occasion. I don’t know the exact way it happened, there are some sites that maybe others will know on the Internet which explain in what order Mutations began occurring in Budgies. I think they even found some Blue or Yellow birds in wild populations & humans liked the differences so they kept them & bred from them & at various times other variations occurred & these were selected & bred from. Probably Mutations had always occurred in the wild, but in the wild they were selected the other way & died out, as mostly Mutations are a sort of defect on what nature has selected as the most viable arrangement to survive in nature.

 

Thank you Norm I just couldn't stop thinking about it , I guess I think too much these days

Ah HUH !

 

* Neat bring out that extremly old Budgie book From the ashes ( had put on the book self)

okay .... Natural wild type budgies are light green but mutations have occured in the wild includeing yellow and blue ( i am assume that are from escapees lol ) But In kensington Natural Histroy Museum there is a skin from a caught wild Dark green ... AND DID YOU KNOW that the Opaline mutation was evolved from a wild caught mutation !!!

 

OH

 

1870-1875 the yellow appeared from light greens ( them being DEC and Ino )

1880-1885 the skyblue mutation appeared

1915 the Dark greens ( Laurel) appear in France and the following year the Olive greens envolved from them .... Then they crossed the skyblue to the olive and Cobalts were produced in 1920's

1918 and 1925 was when the first geywings were bred by crossing the green with blue and white

a greywing blue appeared in germany during 1928 and later establiushed in all shades

1931 the first cinnamon mutation occured and the Red eye Fallow in green and yellow were produced in USA ( this line wasn't established....

 

And the list goes on and on and on and I can be writing all Night lol

A mutation is just that, a Mutation of a gene. Sometimes when the cell is doing one of its many replicating things, or living or being damaged. It's DNA mutates. This can be caused by many things. As we all know DNA is made up of a string of bases (nucleotides) called Adenine, Guanine, Thymine and Cytosine (A,G,T & C). When DNA is used to transcribed and then translated to produce proteins. The bases are read of in a series of 3 bases. Three bases codes for a certain peptide (a component of a protein) and is known as a codon. For example codon AUG codes for the protein Met (I think it is short for Methionine). Thus a string of DNA bases will code for a string of peptides which results in a protein (this can be modified later on etc) Now mutations can be caused by many things. A mutation will occur when for some reason the wrong base is in place of another this can mean that the codon will code for a different peptide which can result in a whole different protein being produced. This can affect the protein's shape, the way it reflects light (how different colours come about), and its functionality. There are many different types of mutations. There is the frameshift mutation which means that one base is missed out and thus the whole DNA line is messed up resulting in a completely unfunctional protein or no protein at all.

Mutations can occur in the mechanisms required for transcribing and translating DNA as well, so that wrong portions are read off, not read off etc etc. This can be caused from many thing. There is so much to it.

 

Mutations can occur during meiosis as well. They will generally only get passed along to the next generation if the mutation occurs in a gamete (sperm or ova), in the meiosis process or in any of the reproductive cells. Mutations in somatic (body) cells do not get passed on as those cells stay within the body. Hence halfsiders (tetragametic chimaeras) do not get passed on as the mutation is not in the reproductive tract. The eggs or sperm produced will only correspond with the half of the budgie that it comes from. It can however pass on the increased genetic possibility of a halfsider being produced by its offspring to its offspring.

 

Most mutations when they first appear are recessive, because the mutation generally only occurs in one area, hence the mutation is still covered by the other perfectly functioning chromosome in the pair. But it depends on what the mutated gene codes for. In the case of sickle cell anaemia, sickle shaped blood cells are produced by a single base replacement mutation. If the animal is homozygous for sickle cell anaemia (humans), both of thwe chromosomes in the pair will produce sickle shaped blood cells. If they are heterozygous (aka split for sickle cell anaemia, it's recessive phenotypically, but it works codominantly, which all genes do I will explain shortly) one chromosome produces normal red blood cells, but the other produces sickle cells. They appear normal, because the normal chromosome produces enough normal red blood cells to prevent any anaemia, thus they do not appear to have any anaemia, but the faulty chromosome is still producing faulty red blood cells.

So a mutated gene may mean that a mutated protein is produced or no protein is produced. Lets take yellow based and white based birds for example (I don't know the exact mechanisms of this gene, I am just using it as an example.) Green is dominant to blue. Right so a homozygous green bird has two chromosomes that produce the yellow protein that produces the yellow base colouring. A green split blue carries one good chromosome that produces enough yellow to make up for the whitebase chromosome. The whitebase chromosome is mutated in that it may not be producing any protein or it is still producing a protein that is mutated and only produces white protein. That chromosome is still turned on and is still being transcribed and translated like its normal partner. So it is still going through the process of producing protein. Whether it produces a weird protein of no protein depends on the mutation. A homozygous recessive is a completely blue bird. It has two mutated chromosomes These chromosomes are only able to produce the white protein.

This is why I think that birds carrying opaline show it a little in their feathers. Because even though opaline is recessive, a cock split for opaline has a normal fully functioning chromosome that produces the base colour on the wings. But the "hidden" opaline chromosome is also producing its mutated protein at the same time, it is just been covered more significantly by the other normal chromosome.

Anyway. Mutations occur all the time and you can't create them unless you tried genetically engineering them. Albinism is one of the most common mutations in wild animals as it is a complete failure in producing pigment. I think it is a mutation in the production of the protein tyrosine which is required in the process of pigment formation (hence cats with low thiamine (required for tyrosine production) in their diets start to lose colour). White based budgies (blues) would be a form of albinism (lack of yellow pigment). Spangling would be something to do with lack of pigment as well, hence DFs having no pigment. SFs are able to produce enough pigment to overcome most of the pigment loss. Dilution is different this is an extension of the melanin in the cell. Dilute animals do not have their melanin as far extended as normal animals (I think). Red haired animals lack eumelanin (the brown/ black melanin) and only have the phaeomelanin. Cinnamons would probably be lack of the black eumelanin.

 

 

That was a mission to write. lol

Sorry for any spelling mistakes, I'm wearing gloves (because it is so cold here) and it makes it hard to type.

Thank you Neat I sounds interesting

A mutation is just that, a Mutation of a gene. Sometimes when the cell is doing one of its many replicating things, or living or being damaged. It's DNA mutates. This can be caused by many things. As we all know DNA is made up of a string of bases (nucleotides) called Adenine, Guanine, Thymine and Cytosine (A,G,T & C). When DNA is used to transcribed and then translated to produce proteins. The bases are read of in a series of 3 bases. Three bases codes for a certain peptide (a component of a protein) and is known as a codon. For example codon AUG codes for the protein Met (I think it is short for Methionine). Thus a string of DNA bases will code for a string of peptides which results in a protein (this can be modified later on etc) Now mutations can be caused by many things. A mutation will occur when for some reason the wrong base is in place of another this can mean that the codon will code for a different peptide which can result in a whole different protein being produced. This can affect the protein's shape, the way it reflects light (how different colours come about), and its functionality. There are many different types of mutations. There is the frameshift mutation which means that one base is missed out and thus the whole DNA line is messed up resulting in a completely unfunctional protein or no protein at all.

Mutations can occur in the mechanisms required for transcribing and translating DNA as well, so that wrong portions are read off, not read off etc etc. This can be caused from many thing. There is so much to it.

 

Mutations can occur during meiosis as well. They will generally only get passed along to the next generation if the mutation occurs in a gamete (sperm or ova), in the meiosis process or in any of the reproductive cells. Mutations in somatic (body) cells do not get passed on as those cells stay within the body. Hence halfsiders (tetragametic chimaeras) do not get passed on as the mutation is not in the reproductive tract. The eggs or sperm produced will only correspond with the half of the budgie that it comes from. It can however pass on the increased genetic possibility of a halfsider being produced by its offspring to its offspring.

 

Most mutations when they first appear are recessive, because the mutation generally only occurs in one area, hence the mutation is still covered by the other perfectly functioning chromosome in the pair. But it depends on what the mutated gene codes for. In the case of sickle cell anaemia, sickle shaped blood cells are produced by a single base replacement mutation. If the animal is homozygous for sickle cell anaemia (humans), both of thwe chromosomes in the pair will produce sickle shaped blood cells. If they are heterozygous (aka split for sickle cell anaemia, it's recessive phenotypically, but it works codominantly, which all genes do I will explain shortly) one chromosome produces normal red blood cells, but the other produces sickle cells. They appear normal, because the normal chromosome produces enough normal red blood cells to prevent any anaemia, thus they do not appear to have any anaemia, but the faulty chromosome is still producing faulty red blood cells.

So a mutated gene may mean that a mutated protein is produced or no protein is produced. Lets take yellow based and white based birds for example (I don't know the exact mechanisms of this gene, I am just using it as an example.) Green is dominant to blue. Right so a homozygous green bird has two chromosomes that produce the yellow protein that produces the yellow base colouring. A green split blue carries one good chromosome that produces enough yellow to make up for the whitebase chromosome. The whitebase chromosome is mutated in that it may not be producing any protein or it is still producing a protein that is mutated and only produces white protein. That chromosome is still turned on and is still being transcribed and translated like its normal partner. So it is still going through the process of producing protein. Whether it produces a weird protein of no protein depends on the mutation. A homozygous recessive is a completely blue bird. It has two mutated chromosomes These chromosomes are only able to produce the white protein.

This is why I think that birds carrying opaline show it a little in their feathers. Because even though opaline is recessive, a cock split for opaline has a normal fully functioning chromosome that produces the base colour on the wings. But the "hidden" opaline chromosome is also producing its mutated protein at the same time, it is just been covered more significantly by the other normal chromosome.

Anyway. Mutations occur all the time and you can't create them unless you tried genetically engineering them. Albinism is one of the most common mutations in wild animals as it is a complete failure in producing pigment. I think it is a mutation in the production of the protein tyrosine which is required in the process of pigment formation (hence cats with low thiamine (required for tyrosine production) in their diets start to lose colour). White based budgies (blues) would be a form of albinism (lack of yellow pigment). Spangling would be something to do with lack of pigment as well, hence DFs having no pigment. SFs are able to produce enough pigment to overcome most of the pigment loss. Dilution is different this is an extension of the melanin in the cell. Dilute animals do not have their melanin as far extended as normal animals (I think). Red haired animals lack eumelanin (the brown/ black melanin) and only have the phaeomelanin. Cinnamons would probably be lack of the black eumelanin.

 

 

That was a mission to write. lol

Sorry for any spelling mistakes, I'm wearing gloves (because it is so cold here) and it makes it hard to type.

 

 

Wow Thanks a lot. It took me ages to read it, as I had to read very slowly to understand it . It's so cool

Zebra, don't worry i had to read it about three times as well

Sorry.

They taught me all that stuff at uni

Wikipedia is always a great place to learn about stuff and they'll probably explain it better than I do.